Patterns for Negotiating Actors
نویسندگان
چکیده
Negotiation is the process through which two or more autonomous actors (or agents) arrive at a mutually agreeable course of action. In the context of software systems, the need for negotiation stems from increased software modularity and increased autonomy of the resulting modules. Modules can consist of third-party (web) services or more sophisticated software agents. We shall use the term “actor” to designate such entities. Negotiation is a search process. The actors jointly search a (multidimensional) space of actions in an attempt to find a point in the space at which they each meet their individual objectives. In this paper we present three alternative solutions for organizing the negotiation. Our focus is on how actors reveal their preferences, and whether they interact directly or not. We do not consider other design issues such as negotiation language, protocols or strategies, which are discussed eg in [12, 15].
منابع مشابه
Participation of policy actors in the development of health policies in India and Nigeria and the implications for the role of evidence in policy-making
Background Policy-making can be described as a complex decisionmaking process involving different actors engaged in negotiating their interests [1] and promoting different types of evidence. Policy informed by research evidence is widely seen as a good thing. However Monaghan [2] indicated that ‘Policy-makers may fish for evidence, select the beneficial bits and throw back those that are un-req...
متن کاملAnalyzing the dynamics in multilateral negotiations
The purpose of this article is to examine phase-differences in the patterns of actors involved in decision making. Two phases are distinguished, the negotiating phase, and the decision-making phase. During the first phase the agent’s primary goal is to influence the policy position of other agents, whereas during the second phase the agent’s goal is to find a solution (especially if there is a ...
متن کاملNational REDD+ policy networks: from cooperation to conflict
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) is a financial mechanism aimed at providing incentives to reduce carbon emissions from forests and enhance carbon stocks. In most forest-rich developing countries, policy actors, i.e., state and nonstate as well as international and national, are designing national REDD+ policies. Actors’ interests and beliefs shape patterns o...
متن کاملPatterns of Negotiation A new way of looking at marketplace B2B Negotiations
Traditionally, face to face negotiations in the real world have not been looked at as a complex systems interaction of actors that is dynamic and potentially emergent. If indeed negotiations are an outcome of a dynamic interaction of simpler behavior just as with a complex system we should be able to see the patterns contributing to the complexities of a negotiation under study. This paper and ...
متن کاملNegotiating challenges and climate change
The difficulties in negotiating a post-2012 regime of binding targets and timetables and the decisions of the US, Canada, and Russia on the Kyoto Protocol regime have led to pessimism about the future of the climate regime. Negotiation issues for different coalitions and actors are placed in a wider historical context by examining the key challenge facing the evolving longterm climate change ne...
متن کامل